How is the energy of an electron-shell related to the speed of electrons in that shell?

 Question:

I am trying to gain an intuitive picture of what is referred to by "electron-shell energy". I have read that outer electron shells have higher energy than inner electron shells, and this seemed to make sense to me by analogy to a wheel — a point on the rim of a wheel moves faster than a point on the hub. However, I have also read that electrons in inner shells move faster than those in outer shells, that in particularly heavy atoms, relativistic effects have to be taken into account for the inner shells to determine the chemical behavior of the element. And if inner shells are smaller, doesn't that mean that for an electron to be in such a shell, it would need a shorter wavelength, thus higher energy? Can anybody shed some light on my confusion?  Answers: Your confusion arises from trying to understand the electron as a classical billiard ball. The electron is a quantum mechanical entity, when free it displays a dual nature, that of a particle whose location is described by a specific (x,y,z,t) and that of a probability wave. In particularly an electron caught in a potential well has its energy described by the solutions of the quantum mechanical equations. It is not in an orbit around the nucleus it is in an orbital and best understood as a probability wave: The shapes of the first five atomic orbitals: 1s,2s,2px,2py , and 2pz. The colors show the wave function phase. These are graphs of ψ(x, y, z) functions which depend on the coordinates of one electron. The square of ψ(x, y, z) gives the probability of finding the electron at that space point. The five d orbitals in ψ(x, y, z)∗∗2 form, with a combination diagram showing how they fit together to fill space around an atomic nucleus. These are orbitals with higher angular momentum l=2 So velocity of the electron has no meaning here . It is pure quantum mechanical probability distributions. The shell energy defines the amount of energy needed to kick the electron out of its orbital, with a photon or another interaction. The lower the n quantum number the tighter the binding. When free it can exhibit its particle nature and have a velocity assigned to it .     firstly you should not make an analogy with a wheel since electrons are not orbiting the nuclei with equal angular velocity. it is more like satellites orbiting the earth because in both cases the force is proportional to r−2 . farther the satellite, it has less velocity. to compare the energies of the shells you should consider electric potential energy too ,which is negative. electrons on outer shells are "on average" farther from the nuclei so they have less negative energy, which make them have higher energies. although you should use quantum mechanics to calculate energies properly, but it should give you an idea about where the higher energies come. when we say "speed" is irrelevant in quantum context, it doesn’t mean that way. you can measure momentum of the electron in orbit and you will get a value, but the point is if you repeat the experiment probably you will get a different value, there is some subtleties interpreting this difference, but anyway, you can find the average value experimentally and theoretically. so when you want to consider relativity effects, you look at this average speed value and compare it with the speed of light. if it was comparable, you should consider relativity effects.   up vote 0 down vote Kinetic energy K depends upon speed v as K=12mv2. The energy of the electron is the sum of its kinetic energy K (which is positive, K>0) and its potential energy U (which is negative, U<0): E=K+U Inner, core electrons have a larger (positive) kinetic energy and also a larger (negative) potential energy than outer, valence electrons. The total energy of inner electrons is lower than that of outer electrons.   up vote -1 down vote An electron cloud, is a zone of high probability. If you have an electron orbiting a proton, the cloud is an area where it is extremely likely to find an electron. You can't stick your finger in and pull out an electron. The cloud is just an area where the electron is likely to be found. More on that here. The electron(- charge) wants to be as close as possible to the proton(+ charge). Therefore, it takes more energy to have a larger shell, than a smaller one. In fact, when an electron shifts to a lower shell, it releases the energy that was pent-up keeping away from the proton, as light. I like to think of it like a baseball on earth. If carry the baseball up a hill 10 meters above sea-level, if has more potential energy than a baseball that you are carrying at sea-level. If you drop the baseball of a cliff from 10m, it changes some of the potential energy into kinetic energy, and moves closer to sea-level. Just like a baseball, a photon shifting shells converts potential energy into light, as it "falls" a distance toward the proton. If someone were to catch your hypothetical baseball, and throw it back, it would gain potential energy as it traveled upwards. Likewise, if an atom absorbs energy in the form of heat, or light, the electrons in the cloud will gain potential energy, and move "upward" away from the atom. I hope I was able to help. Reference: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/66842/how-is-the-energy-of-an-electron-shell-related-to-the-speed-of-electrons-in-that